@proceedings {272,
	title = {Characterizing fractured crystalline bedrock aquifers using hydrostructural domains in the Nashoba Terrane, eastern Massachusetts},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Accession Number: 2007-032741; Conference Name: Geological Society of America, 2006 annual meeting; Philadelphia, PA, United States; Conference Date: 20061022; Language: English; Coden: GAAPBC; Collation: 1; Collation: 25; Publication Types: Abstract Only; Serial; Conference document; Updated Code: 200709; Monograph Title: Geological Society of America, 2006 annual meeting; Monograph Author(s): Anonymous; Reviewed Item: Analytic},
	month = {2006/10/01/},
	pages = {25 - 25},
	publisher = {Geological Society of America (GSA) : Boulder, CO, United States},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {Fractured crystalline bedrock aquifers are good sources of potable water in many parts of the world. However, siting of highly productive wells in these rock units remains a challenging and expensive task because fracture development at the regional scale is both heterogeneous and anisotropic. Using low cost field data to define units of rock that have similar lithologic and fracture characteristics can significantly reduce time and energy spent on determining areas with better than average aquifer productivity. These physical characteristics that impart a particular hydraulic character on rocks are used to delineate regions with similar hydrologic characteristics called hydrostructural domains (Mackie, 2002). Hydrostructural domains are delineated from fracture characterization data that were collected from 79 outcrops located in the Nashoba Terrane of eastern Massachusetts. Information collected and used to delineate the domains include the number and distribution of fracture sets, types of fractures present or absent, the degree of fracture development, fracture intensity/density, fracture connectivity and rock type. Discrete fracture networks are generated from the fracture characterization data to simulate groundwater flow in the region. Conductivity of particular units is evaluated and compared to results from existing pumping tests obtained from the US Geological Survey. Preliminary results indicate that there is great value in utilizing fracture characteristic data obtained from surface outcrops to predict subsurface groundwater flow characteristics of fractured bedrock aquifers. Water managers, developers and decision makers are eager to know which areas are the most promising for encountering highly conductive zones in the subsurface. Collecting extensive structural data from surface outcrops, although not as accurate as drilling wells, is a cheaper alternative that could provide at least a rough estimate of the hydraulic properties of fractured rocks leading to effective siting of new water wells. Hydrostructural domain maps may pinpoint specific areas that have a high potential for wells to encounter highly conductive zones and could therefore be a powerful tool in transferring information from one site to another without having to repeatedly undertake extensive site characterization.},
	keywords = {$\#$StaffPubs, anisotropy, aquifers, BEDROCK, characterization, connectivity, crystalline rocks, eastern Massachusetts, fractures, ground water, heterogeneity, hydraulic conductivity, Hydrogeology 21, massachusetts, Nashoba terrane, outcrops, physical properties, site exploration, United States, water wells},
	isbn = {00167592},
	url = {https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2006AM/finalprogram/abstract_113075.htm},
	author = {Alex K Manda and Stephen B Mabee and David F Boutt}
}
@proceedings {273,
	title = {Comparison of lineaments with bedrock structures along a cross-strike transect, eastern Massachusetts},
	volume = {30},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Accession Number: 1999-032582; Conference Name: Geological Society of America, 1998 annual meeting; Toronto, ON, Canada; Conference Date: 19981026; Language: English; Coden: GAAPBC; Collation: 1; Collation: 278; Publication Types: Abstract Only; Serial; Conference document; Updated Code: 199912; Monograph Title: Geological Society of America, 1998 annual meeting; Monograph Author(s): Anonymous; Reviewed Item: Analytic},
	month = {1998/01/01/},
	pages = {278 - 278},
	publisher = {Geological Society of America (GSA) : Boulder, CO, United States},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {Lineament data derived from three platforms, 1:58,000 color infrared photography (N = 770), 1:80,000 black and white photographs (N = 1106), and 1:250,000 SLAR imagery (N = 521), were used to determine the degree of coincidence between mapped faults and lineaments along a cross strike transect in eastern Massachusetts. The study area extends 27 km in an east-west direction and 8 km north-south and is located along the trace of a tunnel currently being constructed approximately 90 m below grade. Structural data are presently being collected from surface exposures along the tunnel trace and from within the 5 m diameter tunnel bore. These structural data will be compared with lineament data in the future. Reported here are the results of a comparison between the locations of lineaments and the position of major faults mapped on the Bedrock Geologic Map of Massachusetts (1:250,000). Lineaments were first mapped on acetate overlays in two independent trials and compared to determine which lineaments could be reproduced at the same geographic location. Reproducibility results indicate that 21 to 33\% of the lineaments can be reproduced at the same spatial position and are comparable to results obtained from other studies. The length of reproducible lineaments proximal to and approximately parallel with mapped faults was compared with the total length of faults (137 km) within the study area. Results show that a small percentage of the faults are coincident with reproducible lineaments. Three percent of the lengths are mapped by reproducible lineaments observed on the SLAR imagery, 7\% by the 1:80,000 scale photographs, and 5\% by the 1:58,000 color infrared photography. This indicates that 97\%, 93\%, and 95\% of the reproducible lineaments, respectively, are related to other geologic features in the bedrock or nothing at all.},
	keywords = {$\#$StaffPubs, aerial photography, BEDROCK, eastern Massachusetts, faults, geophysical surveys, imagery, lineaments, massachusetts, remote sensing, SLAR, Structural geology 16, surveys, tectonics, United States},
	isbn = {00167592},
	author = {Curry, Patrick J. and Williams, Katherine W. and Stephen B Mabee and Hardcastle, Kenneth C.}
}
@proceedings {279,
	title = {Correlation of lineaments to ground water inflows in the MWRA tunnel},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Accession Number: 2004-013313; Conference Name: Geological Society of America, 2001 annual meeting; Boston, MA, United States; Conference Date: 20011101; Language: English; Coden: GAAPBC; Collation: 2; Collation: 114-115; Publication Types: Abstract Only; Serial; Conference document; Updated Code: 200405; Monograph Title: Geological Society of America, 2001 annual meeting; Monograph Author(s): Anonymous; Reviewed Item: Analytic},
	month = {2001/11/01/},
	pages = {114 - 115},
	publisher = {Geological Society of America (GSA) : Boulder, CO, United States},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {Lineaments derived from three image types (1:80,000 black and white (BW), 1:58,000 color infrared (CIR), and 1:250,000 side-looking airborne radar (SLAR)) were compared to water-bearing features within a 9.6 km section of tunnel being constructed through foliated crystalline metamorphic bedrock in a glaciated region of eastern Massachusetts. Lineaments drawn by three observers during two independent trials (N = 9137) were reduced to three sets (one per image type) of coincident lineaments (N = 794). Thirty-five coincident lineaments crossed the tunnel. Nineteen discrete flow zones, each producing less than or equal to 19 L/min, were identified in the tunnel and used to quantify the reliability of lineament analysis as a method of predicting water-bearing features in glaciated metamorphic rocks. Thirteen (68\%) of the flow zones correlate with coincident lineaments, six zones correlate with more than one image type, and one zone correlates with all three image types. Overall, it is difficult to distinguish lineaments that will be successful in predicting water-bearing zones from those that will be unsuccessful without considering other corroborating evidence. Most of the observed flow (80\%) correlates with northwest-trending coincident lineaments. However, the majority of the flow (67\%) associated with these lineaments is produced from structures that strike to the north or northeast. In addition, only fifteen of the thirty-five coincident lineaments correlate with the flow zones indicating that twenty lineaments are not associated with any appreciable flow. Six flow zones are undetected by the lineament analysis. In this study, BW lineaments are able distinguish high-yield through-going structures (at the 90\% confidence level) with greater reliability than the SLAR or CIR lineaments. However, linking bedrock type, overburden type, topographic position, and proximity to surface water bodies with lineament analysis improves the predictive capability of the lineament method.},
	keywords = {$\#$StaffPubs, black and white, construction, correlation, eastern Massachusetts, Engineering geology 30, experimental studies, flow rates, geophysical methods, ground water, infrared methods, lineaments, mapping, massachusetts, metamorphic rocks, methods, movement, photogeology, radar methods, remote sensing, SLAR, tectonics, tunnels, United States},
	isbn = {00167592},
	url = {https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_22810.htm},
	author = {Stephen B Mabee and Curry, Patrick J. and Hardcastle, Kenneth C.}
}
@proceedings {285,
	title = {Factors influencing groundwater inflows in a newly constructed cross-strike tunnel, eastern Massachusetts; 1, Lineaments and subsurface structures},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Accession Number: 2001-037333; Conference Name: Geological Society of America, 1999 annual meeting; Denver, CO, United States; Conference Date: 19991025; Language: English; Coden: GAAPBC; Collation: 2; Collation: 347-348; Publication Types: Abstract Only; Serial; Conference document; Updated Code: 200111; Monograph Title: Geological Society of America, 1999 annual meeting; Monograph Author(s): Anonymous; Reviewed Item: Analytic},
	month = {1999/01/01/},
	pages = {347 - 348},
	publisher = {Geological Society of America (GSA) : Boulder, CO, United States},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {Lineaments derived from three platforms; 1:250,000 Side-Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) images, 1:58,000 Color Infrared (CIR) and 1:80,000 Black and White aerial photographs (BW), were compared to water bearing structures (n = 99) within a 9 km, 70 to 90 meter deep, east-west tunnel being constructed in eastern Massachusetts. Lineaments were drawn by three observers during two independent trials to produce 18 sets of lineaments (n = 9137) covering approximately 1,000 km (super 2) centered over the tunnel. All lineaments for each platform were compared. Three or more overlapping lineaments (azimuths within 5 degrees and within 1 mm at the scale of the imagery) define a single coincident lineament. This analysis generated three sets of coincident lineaments (n = 794), of these 37 cross the tunnel. Buffers were placed around the coincident lineaments at a distance of 1 mm from the center of the lineament at the scale of the platform (e.g. 250 m for the SLAR image). The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine if the median flow from all tunnel structures which underlie the lineament buffer zones is significantly greater than that of all structures outside of the buffer zones. Results indicate that median flow (11,000 l/day) from structures located within the buffer zones of the BW are significantly greater at the 90\% confidence level than the median flow (5,500 l/day) of structures located outside the buffer zones. No significant differences in flow were found for the other two platforms. Subsurface structures that parallel coincident lineaments (all platforms) and occur within the buffer zones have higher median flow (10,500 l/day) than those structures outside the buffer zones (6,600 l/day). However, this difference is significant at the 70\% confidence level. These results suggest that, in some instances, a thorough lineament analysis can predict water-bearing subsurface structures in poorly exposed, glaciated, metamorphic terrain that has a high degree of suburban development.},
	keywords = {$\#$StaffPubs, BEDROCK, eastern Massachusetts, fractures, geophysical surveys, ground water, Hydrogeology 21, lineaments, massachusetts, metamorphic rocks, movement, New England, remote sensing, SLAR, strike, surveys, tectonics, tunnels, United States},
	isbn = {00167592},
	author = {Curry, Patrick J. and Hardcastle, Kenneth C. and Stephen B Mabee and Williams, Katherine W.}
}
@proceedings {287,
	title = {Factors influencing groundwater inflows in a newly constructed cross-strike tunnel, eastern Massachusetts; 3, Surface vs. subsurface fracture characteristics},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Accession Number: 2001-037340; Conference Name: Geological Society of America, 1999 annual meeting; Denver, CO, United States; Conference Date: 19991025; Language: English; Coden: GAAPBC; Collation: 1; Collation: 348; Publication Types: Abstract Only; Serial; Conference document; Updated Code: 200111; Monograph Title: Geological Society of America, 1999 annual meeting; Monograph Author(s): Anonymous; Reviewed Item: Analytic},
	month = {1999/01/01/},
	pages = {348 - 348},
	publisher = {Geological Society of America (GSA) : Boulder, CO, United States},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {Major fracture sets (dip >45 degrees ), their geographic distributions (domains), and their characteristics (spacing, trace length, and planarity) were measured in surface outcrops and in a 9 km section of the tunnel (Curry et al., this volume) to determine how well fracture data collected at widely-spaced surface exposures can be extrapolated to a depth of 70 to 90 meters. For the surface fracture data set, fracture sets and domains were determined from 1513 measurements collected at 21 outcrops located within 3 km of the trace of the tunnel. Spacing, trace length, and planarity were determined from scanline measurements (n = 899). For the tunnel data set, 413 fracture measurements were made to determine major sets and domains and a smaller subset (n = 156) was used to estimate fracture characteristics.Five fracture sets (14, 38, 86, 117, and 171) were identified in the outcrops and seven sets (13, 29, 41, 62, 132, 159, and 175) in the tunnel. The 14 and 171 sets correspond well with the 13 and 175 sets in the tunnel. The 38 set observed at the surface includes parts of the 29 and 41 sets in the tunnel. The 86 set does occur in the tunnel but is undersampled because it is aligned with the tunnel. The 62 and 159 sets occur in the tunnel but are not seen at the surface. Although large areas are devoid of outcrops, comparison of surface and subsurface fracture domains indicates that only the 14 and 171 sets show a reasonable overlap with the 13 and 175 domains in the tunnel. These latter sets are the fractures generating most of the groundwater inflow into the tunnel. Median fracture spacing and trace lengths for the 13 and 175 sets in the tunnel are significantly wider and longer than the corresponding 14 and 171 sets at the surface. Fracture planarities showed no significant differences between any of the surface and subsurface fracture sets.},
	keywords = {$\#$StaffPubs, BEDROCK, controls, eastern Massachusetts, factors, fractures, ground water, Hydrogeology 21, massachusetts, measurement, movement, New England, outcrops, spatial distribution, tunnels, United States},
	isbn = {00167592},
	author = {Stephen B Mabee and Williams, Katherine W. and Curry, Patrick J. and Hardcastle, Kenneth C.}
}
@proceedings {289,
	title = {Factors influencing groundwater inflows in a newly constructed cross-strike tunnel, eastern Massachusetts; 5, Geochemical interpretation of groundwater inflows},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Accession Number: 2001-037342; Conference Name: Geological Society of America, 1999 annual meeting; Denver, CO, United States; Conference Date: 19991025; Language: English; Coden: GAAPBC; Collation: 1; Collation: 348; Publication Types: Abstract Only; Serial; Conference document; Updated Code: 200111; Monograph Title: Geological Society of America, 1999 annual meeting; Monograph Author(s): Anonymous; Reviewed Item: Analytic},
	month = {1999/01/01/},
	pages = {348 - 348},
	publisher = {Geological Society of America (GSA) : Boulder, CO, United States},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {Samples of ground and surface waters in and above the tunnel (Curry et al., this volume) were collected to characterize the chemistry of groundwater discharging from fractures and faults. Forty-two water samples were collected: 32 along a transect of the tunnel and 10 from surface waters above the trace of the tunnel. All samples were analyzed for major anions and cations, and delta (super 18) O. Analysis of the anion/cation data indicated that these waters are dominated by sulfate+chloride and calcium+magnesium. However, five sub-classifications can be discerned based on the relative concentrations of ions in the samples. The five sub-classifications are Cl > HCO (sub 3) > SO (sub 4) > NO (sub 3) :Ca > Na+K > Mg (15 samples), Cl > HCO (sub 3) > SO (sub 4) > NO (sub 3) :Na+K > Ca > Mg (7 samples), Cl > HCO (sub 3) > SO (sub 4) > NO (sub 3) :Ca > Mg > Na+K (6 samples), Cl > SO (sub 4) > HCO (sub 3) > NO (sub 3) :Na+K > Ca > Mg (3 samples), and HCO (sub 3) > Cl > SO (sub 4) > NO (sub 3) :Ca > Na+K > Mg (2 samples). Results from statistical analyses indicate that alkalinity, calcium, sodium and potassium do vary as a function of bedrock type and that these differences are significant at the 95\% confidence level.In addition, preliminary oxygen isotope data indicate that two large, discrete water producing fault zones located in the eastern part of the tunnel are isotopically enriched (average delta (super 18) O = -7.75) relative to other water producing features in the tunnel (average delta (super 18) O = -8.96). The delta (super 18) O values obtained from all surface water bodies located above the tunnel average -7.56 whereas those values in surface ponds immediately above the fault zones average -6.71. Nitrate levels also show elevated levels in two water producing fault zones (>10 mg/L for some samples) and may result from accidental contamination during sampling, the use of explosives at discrete locations in the tunnel, or from leaking septic systems. The results of the oxygen isotope and nitrate analyses also suggest that some of the fault zones in the tunnel may have a rapid and direct hydraulic connection to the surface.},
	keywords = {$\#$StaffPubs, anions, BEDROCK, cations, classification, discharge, eastern Massachusetts, fault zones, faults, geochemistry, ground water, hydraulic conductivity, hydrochemistry, Hydrogeology 21, Isotope geochemistry 02D, isotope ratios, isotopes, massachusetts, movement, New England, nitrate ion, O-18/O-16, oxygen, samples, stable isotopes, surface water, tunnels, United States},
	isbn = {00167592},
	author = {Weaver, Rebecca A. and Stephen B Mabee and Williams, Katherine W. and Curry, Patrick J.}
}
@proceedings {286,
	title = {Factors influencing groundwater inflows in a newly constructed cross-strike tunnel, eastern Massachusetts; 2, Fracture-supported coincident lineaments and subsurface structures},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Accession Number: 2001-037344; Conference Name: Geological Society of America, 1999 annual meeting; Denver, CO, United States; Conference Date: 19991025; Language: English; Coden: GAAPBC; Collation: 1; Collation: 348; Publication Types: Abstract Only; Serial; Conference document; Updated Code: 200111; Monograph Title: Geological Society of America, 1999 annual meeting; Monograph Author(s): Anonymous; Reviewed Item: Analytic},
	month = {1999/01/01/},
	pages = {348 - 348},
	publisher = {Geological Society of America (GSA) : Boulder, CO, United States},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {As part of the evaluation of the ability of lineaments to map subsurface structures, the coincident lineaments which intersect the tunnel (Curry et al., this volume), were evaluated to isolate those lineaments considered to be "fracture-supported". By definition, fracture-supported coincident lineaments are those which parallel nearby surface fracture sets, mapped faults, lithologic contacts, and/or primary ductile structures; features which may be influential to subsurface groundwater flow. Of the 37 coincident lineaments delineated on the three scales of imagery studied, approximately 70\% are considered to be fracture-supported: 9 of the 13 on the 1:58,000 scale images, 10 of 14 on the 1:80,000, and 8 of 10 on the 1:250,000. However, the general lack of surface exposure precludes high confidence in the assignment of fracture-supported status to most lineaments. Large areas devoid of outcrops necessitated extrapolation of regional, surface fracture patterns (domains) to help define some fracture-supported coincident lineaments. There are two occurrences where fracture-supported coincident lineaments from all three scales overlap and are parallel. One occurrence successfully maps the zone of greatest fracture density and highest groundwater inflow (>560 l/min). The other occurrence maps an area of high fracture density and significant subsurface flow (95 l/min). In addition, one other high flow zone (>190 l/min) is mapped by a fracture-supported coincident lineament from the 1:80,000 scale imagery. However, many subsurface fractures and flow zones (<75 l/min) are not mapped by the coincident lineaments regardless of whether or not they are fracture-supported. When considering all fracture-supported coincident lineaments and parallel subsurface structures, the median flow (13,600 l/day) for the mapped structures is greater than the unmapped structures (6,800 liters/day). However, this difference is only significant at the 60\% confidence level.Although the tunnel sections with the greatest fracture density and highest groundwater inflows are successfully mapped by fracture supported coincident lineaments, not all water-bearing zones are delineated.},
	keywords = {$\#$StaffPubs, BEDROCK, controls, eastern Massachusetts, factors, fractures, ground water, Hydrogeology 21, imagery, lineaments, massachusetts, movement, New England, outcrops, Structural geology 16, tectonics, tunnels, United States},
	isbn = {00167592},
	author = {Hardcastle, Kenneth C. and Curry, Patrick J. and Williams, Katherine W. and Stephen B Mabee}
}
@proceedings {288,
	title = {Factors influencing groundwater inflows in a newly constructed cross-strike tunnel, eastern Massachusetts; 4, Occurrence and characterization of groundwater inflows},
	volume = {31},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Accession Number: 2001-037345; Conference Name: Geological Society of America, 1999 annual meeting; Denver, CO, United States; Conference Date: 19991025; Language: English; Coden: GAAPBC; Collation: 1; Collation: 348; Publication Types: Abstract Only; Serial; Conference document; Updated Code: 200111; Monograph Title: Geological Society of America, 1999 annual meeting; Monograph Author(s): Anonymous; Reviewed Item: Analytic},
	month = {1999/01/01/},
	pages = {348 - 348},
	publisher = {Geological Society of America (GSA) : Boulder, CO, United States},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {All occurrences of groundwater inflows in a 9 km long, 5-m diameter section of tunnel, 70 to 90 m below grade, were compared with subsurface fracture density, bedrock topography, surface topography, type of surficial deposits, proximity to surface water bodies, and the geographic distribution (domains; Mabee et al., this volume) of surface and subsurface fractures. Subsurface fracture density was calculated for the 320 fractures (through-going fractures) that intersect the entire circumference of the tunnel. Bedrock topography was determined using bore hole data collected during the design phase of the tunnel project. Surface topography is from 1:25,000 scale topographic maps and surficial geology is based on maps of the Framingham and Natick Quadrangles. Seven surface water bodies, primarily brooks and rivers, overlie the tunnel. Five surface fracture domains are based on 1513 fracture measurements collected from 21 outcrops within 3 km of the tunnel. In the tunnel, 413 fractures (all fractures, dips>45 degrees ) comprise seven subsurface fracture domains. High groundwater inflows generally correlate with areas of high subsurface fracture density and where four or more subsurface fracture domains overlap. In addition, high groundwater inflows are also generally located near surface water bodies and below permeable surficial deposits and topographic depressions, especially those with corresponding lows in the bedrock surface. Moreover, subsurface structures which correlate with prominent surface fracture domains produce the highest volume of groundwater inflow. However, not all tunnel sections exhibiting high fracture density and overlapping fracture domains exhibit high groundwater inflows. Also, there is no correlation between areas where two or more surface fracture domains overlap and the volume of groundwater discharging to the tunnel.},
	keywords = {$\#$StaffPubs, BEDROCK, boreholes, characterization, design, discharge, eastern Massachusetts, flows, fractures, Framingham Quadrangle, ground water, Hydrogeology 21, massachusetts, movement, Natik Quadrangle, occurrence, outcrops, surface water, topography, tunnels, United States},
	isbn = {00167592},
	author = {Williams, Katherine W. and Stephen B Mabee and Hardcastle, Kenneth C. and Curry, Patrick J.}
}
@proceedings {296,
	title = {Fracture patterns across two terrane boundaries in eastern Massachusetts; implications for regional groundwater flow and recharge},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Accession Number: 2010-054322; Conference Name: Geological Society of America, 2006 annual meeting; Philadelphia, PA, United States; Conference Date: 20061022; Language: English; Coden: GAAPBC; Collation: 1; Collation: 434; Publication Types: Abstract Only; Serial; Conference document; Updated Code: 201030; Monograph Title: Geological Society of America, 2006 annual meeting; Monograph Author(s): Anonymous; Reviewed Item: Analytic},
	month = {2006/10/01/},
	pages = {434 - 434},
	publisher = {Geological Society of America (GSA) : Boulder, CO, United States},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {The integration of structural data and field-based observations is becoming increasingly critical in understanding groundwater flow behavior and recharge potential. Over the past 3 years, the Office of the Massachusetts State Geologist (OMSG) has collected 8225 fracture measurements from 187 stations across 3 adjacent quadrangles as part of its bedrock geologic mapping program. These data provide a north-south transect across the Nashoba Terrane and its boundaries with the Merrimack Belt and Avalon Terranes in eastern Massachusetts. Areas with similar fracture patterns can be grouped into "hydrostructural domains" with distinct hydrogeologic properties. Within the above transect, hydrostructural domains were observed to closely correspond with bedrock lithology and ductile structure, and therefore, tectonic history. Such domains are commonly bounded by faults or intrusive contacts. Common features observed across all domains include a NE-striking regional foliation with corresponding NW-striking, steeply-dipping cross-joints. Strongly layered metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of the Merrimack Belt and the Marlborough Formation in the Nashoba Terrane tend to have the most pervasive and closely-spaced foliation-parallel fractures (FPF). Foliation intensity and FPF generally increases towards shear zones and regional fault systems, especially within granites and gneisses. The moderate to steeply dipping, well-developed FPF in these rocks provides a potentially excellent conduit for vertical recharge and a strong NE-trending regional anistropy that may control groundwater flow. Granitoidal rocks have very consistent NS-EW orthogonal networks of vertical fractures and subhorizontal sheeting joints, providing excellent potential for vertical recharge and near-surface lateral flow. Features such as small brittle faults, fracture zones, fold axes, and fracture sets distinct to each domain may dominate local groundwater flow and recharge. Abstract 116563 modified by 72.70.224.253 on 7-12-2006},
	keywords = {$\#$StaffPubs, Avalon Zone, BEDROCK, eastern Massachusetts, faults, foliation, fractures, ground water, Hydrogeology 21, joints, massachusetts, Merrimack Belt, movement, observations, patterns, properties, recharge, shear zones, style, terranes, United States},
	isbn = {00167592},
	url = {https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2006AM/finalprogram/abstract_116563.htm},
	author = {Stephen B Mabee and Joseph P Kopera}
}
@proceedings {319,
	title = {The Nashoba Terrane: A new tectonostratigraphy and shared structural styles with the Merrimack belt in Massachusetts},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2015},
	month = {03/2015},
	pages = {42},
	publisher = {Geological Society of America (GSA) : Boulder, CO, United States},
	edition = {3},
	address = {Northeastern Section - 50th Annual Meeting (23{\textendash}25 March 2015), Bretton Woods, NH},
	abstract = {Recent STATEMAP-sponsored geologic mapping of several 7.5{\textquoteright} quadrangles in east-central Massachusetts describe a new tectonostratigraphy and structural history for migmatitic gneisses of the Cambro-Ordivician arc complex represented, in part, by the Nashoba Formation. While preserved sedimentary structures are absent, four discrete subunits can be mapped based on distinct lithologies. From structurally lowest to highest, they are: A felsic magnetite-bearing bt gneiss, a magnetite and silliminite rich mu-bearing bt paragneiss, gt-bearing sulfidic bt-gneisses interlayered with sulfidic schist, amphibolite, and marble, and a calc-silicate rich bt-gneiss.
The Nashoba terrane exhibits near-identical early and late styles of deformation to those in the adjacent Nashua sub-belt of the Merrimack terrane: Early amphibolite-facies isoclinal folding (D1) overprinted by tight upright folding (D2) and associated thrust faults define the map-scale geometry of tectonostratigraphic units between the two terranes. D2 occurred syn-peak upper amphibolite facies metamorphism in the Nashoba terrane while defined by retrograde greenschist facies fabrics in the Merrimack terrane. These are overprinted by outcrop-scale sinistral strike-slip motion (D3) in the Nashoba terrane progressively transitioning to late chlorite-grade NW-side down oblique extension (D4) exhibited in both terranes.
Correlation of the above sequence with existing geochronology, structural petrology, and tectonic studies by other workers in the area suggest that D1 in both terranes occurred prior to and/or during ~370 Ma Acadian orogenesis. Existing geochronology shows D2 fold and fabric development to be diachronous both within and across terranes: occurring both before and after ~363 Ma, with progressive development possibly as late as ~325 Ma, in the Nashoba terrane. D2 in the Nashua sub-belt of the Merrimack terrane occurs after ~330 Ma in the Carboniferous, as late at ~293 Ma in the Permian, during Alleghenian orogenesis. NW-side-down extension and associated rotation of M1 metamorphic isograds in the Merrimack Terrane, and exhumation of the Nashoba terrane, are generally accepted to have occurred during later stages of Alleghenian orogenesis in the Permian.
},
	keywords = {$\#$StaffPubs, acadian, alleghenian, amphibolite facies, chlorite, deformation, eastern Massachusetts, fabric, folds, Harvard Conglomerate, Hudson, merrimack, Merrimack Belt, nashoba, Nashoba terrane, nashua, Nashua Trough, pin hill, Structural geology, tectonic history, tectonostratigraphy},
	url = {https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2015NE/webprogram/Paper253009.html},
	author = {Joseph P Kopera}
}
@proceedings {316,
	title = {A structural framework for the Nashoba Terrane in eastern Massachusetts.},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {107},
	abstract = {The exhumation and tectonic significance of the migmatitic Cambro-Ordovician arc-complex of the Nashoba terrane, located between lower-grade rocks of the Avalon and Merrimack terranes in Massachusetts, has historically presented an enigma, in part, due to a lack of detailed analysis of internal structure. We propose a new terrane-scale structural model based on nearly a decade of detailed geologic mapping to provide a framework for future study. A subvertical NE-striking composite fabric (S (sub n/n-1) ) forms the dominant structural grain of the terrane. S (sub n) commonly deforms an older layer-parallel foliation (S (sub n-1) ) about meter- to kilometer-scale, upright to steeply inclined, NE- and SW-plunging, tight disharmonic folds (F (sub n) ). In the Nashoba Formation migmatites, S (sub n) commonly transposes a subhorizontal S (sub n-1) enveloping surface into spaced meter-scale subvertical shear bands that are absent in the dominantly metavolcanic Marlborough Formation. Fold axis-parallel mineral stretching and intersection lineations (L (sub n) ) are locally overprinted on S (sub n) by subhorizontal peak metamorphic to retrograde mineral lineations (L (sub n/n+1) ). Ambiguous D (sub n) kinematics in the NE transition SW along strike to top-to-NW normal fold vergence and drag along steep north-dipping S (sub n) axial planes and S (sub n) - S (sub n+1) shear bands. Later strain (S (sub n+1) - S (sub n+2) ) appears to be progressively partitioned at lower grade to pre-existing S (sub n) shear bands and discrete internal and terrane bounding fault zones which display early high-grade top-to-SE dextral or sinistral motion (S (sub n-1) - S (sub n) ) broadly overprinted by lower-grade top-NW movement (S (sub n+1) ). We propose a tentative tectonic history incorporating sparse existing geochronologic and petrologic studies: Top SW D (sub n-1) motion coeval with approximately 425 Ma sill-grade metamorphism and possible accretion. D (sub n) initiating syn approximately 395 Ma peak metamorphism with migmatite generation along S (sub n) and progressive bulk fabric development largely complete by the intrusion of the relatively undeformed approximately 349 Ma Indian Head Hill granite. Exhumation can be accommodated by well-documented syn-to-post D (sub n) regional sinistral motion combined with progressively lower grade top-NW extension along discrete structures continuing through deposition and deformation of presumed Carboniferous basin sediments along the terrane boundary.},
	keywords = {$\#$StaffPubs, Cambrian, eastern Massachusetts, exhumation, fabric, fault zones, faults, foliation, massachusetts, metamorphism, Nashoba terrane, Ordovician, Paleozoic, Structural geology, tectonics, United States},
	issn = {00167592},
	url = {https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2013NE/webprogram/Paper215867.html},
	author = {Joseph P Kopera and Matthew A Massey}
}
@article {278,
	title = {Correlation of lineaments to ground water inflows in a bedrock tunnel},
	journal = {Ground Water},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Accession Number: 2002-016666; Language: English; Coordinates: N420800N422800W0714300W0715300; Coden: GRWAAP; Collation: 7; Publication Types: Serial; Updated Code: 200206; Illustration(s): illus. incl. 6 tables, sketch map; Number of References: 38; Reviewed Item: Analytic},
	month = {2002/02/01/},
	pages = {37 - 43},
	publisher = {National Ground Water Association : Urbana, IL, United States},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {Lineaments derived from three image types (1:80,000 black and white, 1:58,000 color infrared, and 1:250,000 side-looking airborne radar) were compared to water-bearing features within a 9.6 km section of tunnel being constructed through foliated crystalline metamorphic bedrock in a glaciated region of eastern Massachusetts. Lineaments drawn by three observers during two independent trials (N = 9137) were reduced to three sets (one per image type) of coincident lineaments (N = 794). Thirty-five coincident lineaments crossed the tunnel. Nineteen discrete flow zones, each producing >= 19 L/min, were identified in the tunnel and used to quantify the reliability of lineament analysis as a method of predicting water-bearing features in glaciated metamorphic rocks.

Thirteen (68\%) of the flow zones correlate with coincident lineaments, six zones correlate with more than one image type, and one zone correlates with all three image types. Overall, without additional corroborating evidence, it is difficult to interpret in advance which lineaments will result in a successful correlation with water-producing zones in the subsurface and which ones will not. Most of the observed flow (80\%) correlates with northwest-trending coincident lineaments; however, the majority of the flow (67\%) associated with these lineaments is produced from structures that strike to the north or northeast. In addition, only 15 of the 35 coincident lineaments correlate with the flow zones, indicating that 20 lineaments are not associated with any appreciable flow. Six flow zones are undetected by the lineament analysis.},
	keywords = {$\#$StaffPubs, aquifers, BEDROCK, construction, eastern Massachusetts, Engineering geology 30, Framingham Quadrangle, ground water, hydrodynamics, Hydrogeology 21, lineaments, massachusetts, Middlesex County Massachusetts, Natick Quadrangle, tectonics, tunnels, United States},
	isbn = {0017467X},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02489.x/abstract},
	author = {Stephen B Mabee and Curry, Patrick J. and Hardcastle, Kenneth C.}
}
@article {264,
	title = {A field study (Massachusetts, USA) of the factors controlling the depth of groundwater flow systems in crystalline fractured-rock terrain},
	journal = {Hydrogeology Journal},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Accession Number: 2011-042136; Language: English; Coordinates: N420000N425000W0695500W0714500; Collation: 16; Publication Types: Serial; Updated Code: 201124; Illustration(s): illus. incl. 3 tables, geol. sketch map; Number of References: 58; Reviewed Item: Analytic},
	month = {2010/12/01/},
	pages = {1839 - 1854},
	publisher = {Springer : Berlin - Heidelberg, Germany},
	address = {Federal Republic of Germany},
	abstract = {Groundwater movement and availability in crystalline and metamorphosed rocks is dominated by the secondary porosity generated through fracturing. The distributions of fractures and fracture zones determine permeable pathways and the productivity of these rocks. Controls on how these distributions vary with depth in the shallow subsurface (<300 m) and their resulting influence on groundwater flow is not well understood. The results of a subsurface study in the Nashoba and Avalon terranes of eastern Massachusetts (USA), which is a region experiencing expanded use of the fractured bedrock as a potable-supply aquifer, are presented. The study logged the distribution of fractures in 17 boreholes, identified flowing fractures, and hydraulically characterized the rock mass intersecting the boreholes. Of all fractures encountered, 2.5\% are hydraulically active. Boreholes show decreasing fracture frequency up to 300 m depth, with hydraulically active fractures showing a similar trend; this restricts topographically driven flow. Borehole temperature profiles corroborate this, with minimal hydrologically altered flow observed in the profiles below 100 m. Results from this study suggest that active flow systems in these geologic settings are shallow and that fracture permeability outside of the influence of large-scale structures will follow a decreasing trend with depth. Copyright 2010 Springer-Verlag},
	keywords = {$\#$StaffPubs, aquifers, boreholes, crystalline rocks, eastern Massachusetts, fractured materials, fractures, ground water, hydraulic conductivity, Hydrogeology 21, massachusetts, Nashoba terrane, permeability, porosity, preferential flow, shallow-water environment, substrates, United States},
	isbn = {1431217414350157},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2Fs10040-010-0640-y},
	author = {David F Boutt and Diggins, Patrick and Stephen B Mabee}
}
@article {266,
	title = {A method of estimating bulk potential permeability in fractured-rock aquifers using field-derived fracture data and type curves},
	journal = {Hydrogeology Journal},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Accession Number: 2013-055373; Language: English; Coordinates: N421500N424500W0704500W0714500; Collation: 13; Publication Types: Serial; Updated Code: 201334; Illustration(s): illus. incl. 4 tables, geol. sketch maps; Number of References: 41; Reviewed Item: Analytic},
	month = {2013/03/01/},
	pages = {357 - 369},
	publisher = {Springer : Berlin - Heidelberg, Germany},
	address = {Federal Republic of Germany},
	abstract = {A method is devised for estimating the potential permeability of fracture networks from attributes of fractures observed in outcrop. The technique, which is intended as a complement to traditional approaches, is based on type curves that represent various combinations of fracture lengths, fracture orientations and proportions (i.e., intensities) of fractures that participate in flow. Numerical models are used to derive the type curves. To account for variations in fracture aperture, a permeability ratio (R) defined as the permeability of a fracture network in a domain divided by the permeability of a single fracture with identical fracture apertures, is used as a dependent variable to derive the type curves. The technique works by determining the point on the type curve that represents the fracture characteristics collected in the field. To test the performance of the technique, permeabilities that were derived from fractured-rock aquifers of eastern Massachusetts (USA) are compared to permeabilities predicted by the technique. Results indicate that permeabilities estimated from type curves are within an order of magnitude of permeabilities derived from field tests. First-order estimates of fracture-network permeability can, therefore, be easily and quickly acquired with this technique before more robust and expensive methods are utilized in the field. Copyright 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
	keywords = {$\#$StaffPubs, aquifers, boundary conditions, eastern Massachusetts, fractured materials, fractures, ground water, Hydrogeology 21, massachusetts, Nashoba terrane, naturally fractured reservoirs, numerical models, permeability, prediction, pump tests, simulation, two-dimensional models, United States},
	isbn = {1431217414350157},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2Fs10040-012-0919-2},
	author = {Alex K Manda and Stephen B Mabee and David F Boutt and Cooke, Michele L.}
}
